It provides step-by-step guidelines for the collection and processing of blood samples and interpretation of the hemogram. One of the neutrophils is very large and has abnormal nuclear lobulation which is a sign of toxic change (100x). Neutrophils are produced in the bone marrow, released into blood, circulate briefly, and migrate into tissue spaces or on to epithelial surfaces such as those in the respiratory, digestive, or urogenital tracts. The bacteria usually have come from the intestines and worked their way up the bile duct to infect the liver. The presence of D hle bodies in mature and immature neutrophils on a blood smear can be normal if they are present only in small numbers. Our Advia hematology analyzer also provides an automated hemogram or an automated WBC panel. Blood work is a very important diagnostic tool that provides a significant amount of information about your cat’s health. 2015), an isolated case of mastitis (Burstyn 2010), and in 14/17 cats with migrating intrathoracic grass awns (Schultz and Zwingenberger 2008). When Monkster had her blood test, she was slightly dehydrated from vomiting (which is why I brought her to the vet). The purple cells are neutrophils in a blood sample from a patient with a significant inflammatory response. ›Physiological neutrophilia: rapid and transient (MNP involved). A normal white blood cell count in cats typically ranges from 4,900 to 20,000 per microliter of blood. Neutrophils- These cells are sent out in response to infection or inflammation. A normal white blood cell count in cats typically ranges from 4,900 to 20,000 per microliter of blood. The ANC (absolute neutrophil count) is the blood test result indicating the amount of neutrophils. 3 This does not mean that CONVENIA works for this long or, if there is a side effect, that the side effect will last that long. Clinical relevance: An extreme neutrophilia is rare. However, that “normal” range could vary depending on the age of the cat. IBD is most commonly diagnosed in middle-aged to older cats. All dogs had improvement of clinical signs of disease. While a complete blood count determines the number of white blood cells, a peripheral blood smear for morphology is often done to see specific characteristics that may be present in neutrophils. Low Neutrophils and High Lymphocytes. The decrease in the number of infection fighting white blood cells is known as neutropenia. Only the toxic mechanism (eg, with phenothiazines) causes dose-related neutropenia. Neutropenia is a decrease in the number of neutrophils in the bloodstream. The WBC, or white blood cell count, measures the number of immune … It is, in fact, a reaction to a protein found in feline saliva. Rat Poison's Effect on Dogs and Cats. WBC count and differential may be inaccurant due to WBC clumping. ciency in cats leads to profound abnormalities in the immune system including significant leukopenia, a decreased respiratory burst in neutrophils and depletion of cells from B cell areas of lymph nodes and spleen (Schuller-Levis et al. Blood work is a very important diagnostic tool that provides a significant amount of information about your cat’s health. Not much is known about their formation, but they are thought to be remnants of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.. This abnormality occurs when neutrophil maturation in the bone marrow is accelerated, usually as a response to inflammatory cytokines. Megaloblastic anemia can be caused by folic acid deficiency or vitamin B12 deficiency (including pernicious anemia). Currently, cats appear to be the only species in which FTY720 induces a neutropenia. In conclusion, toxic neutrophils were found to be associated with certain Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a syndrome caused by a specific reaction to chronic irritation of the stomach or intestines as a response to an insult, injury or foreign substance. Anemia is a medical term referring to a reduced number of circulating red blood cells, hemoglobin, or both. Feline lymphoma is much more common in cats infected with feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Safe Gardening for Dogs and Cats. Reported hematologic abnormalities in infected cats included mature neutrophilia or neutropenia, lymphopenia and less commonly, mild to moderate normocytic, normochromic anemia. Cats are not only fantastic pets but also wonderful and complex animals with great personalities. evidence that activated neutrophils can alter the antigenic nature of the RBC membrane through generation of toxic oxygen radicals. Neutrophils: Toxic 3. Most of the white blood cells in Kitty's blood stream are neutrophils, which are the first to respond to an infection. The 4 types of immune cells that can cause IBD are lymphocytes, plasmacytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils. Yeast seen as small oval cells surrounded by halo, appear in macrophages in tissue samples. Similarly, some reports of immune-mediated neutropenia in cats reveal that the cats commonly have a marked lymphocytosis and mild thrombocytopenia.14 Toxic change of neutrophils strongly indicates concurrent secondary infection and should resolve with appropriate antibiotic therapy. Radiographs were performed in 38 animals and computed tomography (CT) in 14. Toxic neutrophils in the peripheral blood migrate into the body cavity and are observed in effusions of the cavity. Explains situations where your dog or cat's blood neutrophil count can be high or low Toxic morphologic changes were noted in blood neutrophils in all ANS-injected cats. Lymphocytes (which include T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes) Monocytes. Cats are showing clinical signs compatible with FIP; Cats are in a higher risk category (e.g., younger cats, colony cats, etc.) In this article, we will be discussing what Pelger-Huët anomaly in cats really is. Control cats had a significantly higher prevalence of feline asthma, as well as allergic, idiopathic, and vascular disorders. Hospitalization duration and treatment cost were significantly (P , .001) higher in cats with toxic neutrophils. In 53 and 47% of the cats with toxic neutrophils, the leukocyte and neutrophil counts were normal, A previous study evaluating a predecessor of the ADVIA 120, the Technicon H1-E analyser, reported that this kind of pattern in the baso cytogram (“short worm”) occurred in samples with prominent toxic neutrophils even without a left shift . Rat Poison's Effect on Dogs and Cats. They are about twice the size of red blood cells. A Guide to Hematology is a valuable, hands-on, laboratory manual for the practitioner and technician. BACKGROUND The presence of toxic change in neutrophils is frequently used as a biomarker of inflammation in dogs. IBD is most commonly diagnosed in middle-aged to older cats. For example, cats with toxoplasmosis may show an abnormally low number of white blood cells (leukopenia), low neutrophils (neutropenia), and low lymphocytes (lymphopenia) in the complete blood count. Toxic neutrophils are a result of an accelerated rate of neutrophil production in response to inflammatory signals received by the bone marrow. Automated hemograms. A host of conditions can cause elevated white blood cell counts, so the test must be done in conjunction with other diagnostic measures to determine the patient's specific condition. Reduction in the Number of White Blood Cells (Neutropenia) There are various types of cells in the blood. The three most common cat cancers are lymphoma, soft-tissue sarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma. no obvious cause can be found. Significant bone marrow changes (P less than 0.05) occurred in ANS-injected cats, but were absent in NRS-injected cats. A left-shift and toxicity of neutrophils were seen in 23/24 cats (96%) and 21/24 cats (88%), respectively. Lymphocytes are white blood cells that protect the body from infection. A common and important morphologic abnormality of neutrophils is so-called "toxic change". Toxic and Non-toxic … IBD is caused by immune cells attacking healthy tissue in the GI tract. Dohle bodies-focal cytoplasmic basophili/inclusions. They respond most rapidly to the site of an infection (acute response). Feline blood. 226 Animals with toxic neutrophils generally exhibit severe signs of illness, require longer hospitalizations, and have higher mortality (at least among dogs) than animals without toxic neutrophils. A complete blood count with blood smear examination (ideally performed at an external laboratory) is required. Lead poisoning in cats is a medical condition caused by increased levels of metal lead in the blood. 226 Animals with toxic neutrophils generally exhibit severe signs of illness, require longer hospitalizations, and have higher mortality (at least among dogs) than animals without toxic neutrophils. Toxic changes are most commonly seen with infection, and the presence of toxic changes in neutrophils is very useful in determining if a cat has a bacterial infection vs inflammation. A low HCT indicates anemia or dehydration. It is not a specific disease but rather it is the result of some other disease process or condition. Typical changes are seen on routine blood tests – these may include Lymphopenia (low numbers of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell) Neutrophilia (increased numbers of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell) Anaemia People with neutropenia have an unusually low number of cells called neutrophils. D hle bodies are intra-cytoplasmic structures composed of agglutinated ribosomes; they will increase in number with inflammation and increased granulocytopoiesis. It is likely due to the demand placed on the marrow to get those neutrophils out in the circulation as soon as possible in order to fight the infection. Symptoms. The cats may have a pancytopenia affecting platelets (generally <20x10⁹/l), neutropenia (generally less than 0.5x10⁹/l) and a varying level of non-regenerative anaemia depending on whether (or how much) bleeding has occurred. Adverse reactions reported in cats treated with CONVENIA and the active control are summarized in Table 3. a toxic neutropenia4. Toxic neutrophils were also reported in 88% of cats with extreme neutrophilia (> 40.10 9 /L) due to infection or neoplasia (Langenstein et al. Neutrophils react to toxins from bacteria. Giant neutrophils with nuclear abnormalities are most often seen in cats. Toxic granulation is manifested by the presence of large granules in the cytoplasm of segmented and band neutrophils in the peripheral blood. 19 According to our findings, toxic neutrophil changes associated with elevated SAA values may aid clinicians in the diagnosis of feline sepsis. The nucleus stains dark purple and the cytoplasm stains pale pink. Learn more about the symptoms and treatment of lead poisoning in cats… In most cases, high neutrophils count is commonly associated with an active bacterial infection in the body. Neutropenia is a decrease in the number of neutrophils in the bloodstream. White blood cell function is normal, and many cats do not have any signs of illness. For instance, the nucleus of the cells has only two lobes or even has no lobes at all. Represent aggregates of rough endoplasmic reticulum ***note: healthy cats can have small numbers of Dohle bodies 4. giant neutrophils-asynchronous maturation, rarely seen 5. toxic granulation-staining of … What levels of neutrophils can be expected (expressed in total leukocyte numbers)? The appearance of neutrophils, or "morphology" can also be helpful in diagnosing disease. Pets Boulevard, a website that provides information and education resources for companion animal owners, estimates that 2/3 of allergies stem from this protein, which is then passed on to the cat's fur when the cat cleans herself. Snail Bait Poisoning in Dogs. Neutrophils. In cats, lymphoma represents 50–90% of all haematopoietic neoplasia cases with an incidence of 200 out of 100,000 cases (Essex and Francis, 1976). Inclusions or membrane changes in red blood cells that cannot be seen with machine counts can also add a huge amount of information. Giant neutrophils with nuclear abnormalities are most often seen in cats. Normal neutrophils and neutrophils with toxic change. The overall median survival rate was 50%, whereby the survival rate was significantly lower in cats with neoplasia than in those with inflammatory diseases (22% vs. 56%, p < 0.0001). SLE affects many body systems including the kidneys, skin, blood, and joints. Dogs and cats with disseminated candidiasis or Candida peritonitis frequently have had nonregenerative anemia and mild to marked neutrophilia with pandemic and toxic neutrophil changes (in contrast to other deep mycoses, where hematologic abnormalities are often mild or absent). Neutrophils are a white blood type that is present in normal blood. presence of immature neutrophils (bands, metamyelocytes, myelocytes), in animals. Light microscopic appearance of neutro phils from turpentine-injected dogs was similar to toxic swollen lymph nodes near the bite or scratch site. This phenomenon may be seen in cells which also contain Döhle bodies and/or vacuoles. The magnitude of the neutrophilia is also helpful to distinguish between a steroid effect and a response to infection. fatigue. A white blood cell differential is a medical laboratory test that provides information about the types and amounts of white blood cells in a person's blood. If the count is less than 2000 / ml, the white blood cell count is considered to be low. The most easily observed and common clinical sign of anemia is a loss of the normal pink color of the gums. A lack of vitamin B12 has been known to cause neutropaenia in some breeds of dog. Everything About Cats. Lymphopenia, eosinopenia, and monocyto… Results of this study suggest that FTY720 is effective at inducing a peripheral lymphopenia in cats without any toxic side effects. The incidence of lymphoma is higher in cats than in dogs or humans. The term FUO is often overused in veterinary medicine, as the number of patients in which a true case of Neutrophils contain granules which stain neutral, neither strongly basophilic or acidophilic. CKD cats with uraemia (which tends to apply to most CKD cats) may have low neutrophil levels. 2015; 52(2): 321-330. Determine platelet count. Phagocytes release toxic by-products which cause tissue damage. If the cat’s blood count drops to dangerously low or high levels due to methimazole, medication should either be decreased or stopped. Most important cause is adrenalin, especially seen in frightened young horses and cats (total leukocyte values can reach 20-25 x 109/L).Lymphocytes often increase due to adrenalin (rarely in the 22,415 Although toxic neutrophils are most often associated with bacterial infections (e.g., pneumonia, peritonitis, … Hypersegmented neutrophils may be seen in a few conditions. Assess neutrophils for left shift and toxic changes. Foa-Kurloff cells are a leukocyte type that is unique to guinea pigs. The current article provides information regarding the absolute counts of these cell types, as well as the diseases that lead to high lymphocytes and low neutrophils. No other toxic side effects were observed. Band neutrophils are extremely toxic with basophilic granular cytoplasm and Dohle bodies (100x). In normal animals a healthy neutrophil nucleus will have two to four lobes. Severe = suggestive of . Leukocytosis with left shift has been reported to be more common in septic cats compared to cats with non-infectious SIRS, 3 and the presence of toxic neutrophils has been associated with various infectious feline diseases. However, that “normal” range could vary depending on the age of the cat. METHODS One hundred and fifty microliters of EDTA blood were obtained from eight dogs with no toxic neutrophil changes observed on fresh blood smears (T0). Ascites Average Cost. Neutrophils are one type of white blood cell and are actually the most common making up between 50 and 70% of them. Leukocytosis with left shift has been reported to be more common in septic cats compared to cats with non-infectious SIRS, 3 and the presence of toxic neutrophils has been associated with various infectious feline diseases. Rat Poison (Bromethalin-Based) in Dogs and Cats. Upon engulfment these granules fuse with the pathogen and release their toxic contents, by a process called degranulation, and these contents assist in the killing of the pathogen2. White blood cells are part of the immune system. neutrophils; lymphocytes; ... known as cytotoxic (cell-killing) T cells, generates enzymes that are toxic to infected cells. A lack of vitamin B12 has been known to cause neutropaenia in some breeds of dog. Page actions. Changes in the number of circulating toxic neutrophils paralleled changes in clinical signs, body temperature, total leukocyte count, and neutrophil count. Segmented Neutrophils (Seg): Segmented neutrophils are mature neutrophils, the predominate white blood cell type in dogs and cats. Toxic neutrophils in cats: clinical and clinicopathologic features, and disease prevalence and outcome--a retrospective case control study. Snake Bite Prevention and Treatment for Dogs. Symptoms. Safe Gardening for Dogs and Cats. A normal white blood cell count in cats typically ranges from 5,500 to 19,500 per microliter of blood. Luekopenia (leucopaenia) is defined as a leukocyte count < 5500 cells/µl in cats. For most of the parts, this is a bland condition that affects the domestic shorthair cats. Cats can occasionally have idiopathic neutropaenia, i.e. Average Cost. Infection is the most frequent cause of toxic granulation. In response to treatment, 10 of 38 (26.3%) dogs had grade 1 gastrointestinal tract signs, 11 (28.9%) had grade 2, and 5 (13.2%) had grade 3. There are different types of white blood cells that counter different issues in the body, and eosinophils are among the specific white blood cells that have the responsibility of dealing with autoimmune issues, infections, allergies, asthma and parasites. Safe and Toxic Garden Plant Images. Neutrophils killed during inflammation release destructive enzymes and toxic oxygen radicals that eradicate infectious microorganisms. If there are many neutrophils in the bloodstream containing Döhle bodies, these can be referred to as toxic neutrophils. Toxic neutrophil changes include retention of cytoplasmic features of immaturity and include foamy basophilic cytoplasm ( Figure 6 ) and small basophilic precipitates known as Döhle bodies ( Figure 7 ). There are different types of white blood cells, and they each have a key role in the body’s defense against germs: Neutrophils. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the effect of time and storage on toxic change in canine neutrophils. Lymphoma is the most common cancer seen in cats. Toxic Changes in Neutrophils. Understanding Blood Work: The Biochemical Profile for Cats. Seventeen animals had an inflammatory leukogram of which 14 had a left shift or toxic neutrophils. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a syndrome caused by a specific reaction to chronic irritation of the stomach or intestines as a response to an insult, injury or foreign substance. This result agrees with what is currently reported in feline medicine, where cats with toxic neutrophils had a significantly higher prevalence of systemic infectious conditions . bacterial infection These are specialized mononuclear cells that contain an intracytoplasmic inclusion body of mucopolysaccharide. Tooth and kidney infections or cancers are common causes of high counts in older cats. In some animals, it is deadly and associated with skeletal deformities and increased susceptibility to infection. Neutrophilic vacuolization is typically seen with toxic granulation, which may indicate serious bacterial infection, sepsis or toxicity Dohle Bodies They are found in neutrophils and seen in conditions such as bacterial infections, burns, poisoning, and cytotoxic drugs such chemotherapy, May-Hegglin Anomaly, or pregnancy. Seen commonly in cats that are not severely ill. Changes are more significant in dogs. As seen here, sometimes the granules in neutrophils stain faintly acidophilic. Lymphoma in cats. Explains situations where your dog or cat's blood neutrophil count can be high or low Toxic Changes Toxic Neutrophils • Occurs when the maturation in the bone marrow is accelerated • Often accompanied by a left shift • Causes: • Inflammation • Graded as mild, moderate and severe • Severity of abnormalities and number of cells affected • We evaluate five main features to determine toxicity… Certain viral diseases (like Parvovirus in dogs and panleukopenia virus in cats) can cause low neutrophil numbers. Other viruses, (like dog distemper) are less predictable. When they do cause low neutrophil counts, it is usually early on in the infection. Segmented neutrophils were reduced by 90 to 99% within 3 days following expo sure to methylnitrosourea, (15 to 20 mg/kg) whereas the effects on lymphocytes and erythrocytes, although less ... were performed on all cats dying from MNU-induced toxic effects, as well as on FeLV-infected cats developing LSA disease. Corticosteriods cause increased bone marrow release of mature neutrophils, demargination into the CNP, and decreased tissue migration. Maturation of neutrophils band seg neutrophil Post-Mitotic Neutrophils IG% Toxic changes During and as a part of the inflammatory response, the immature neutrophils released from the bone marrow can have changes to their morphology, known as toxic changes, that identify them as immature. Pyometra (which means pus-filled uterus) is a serious and life-threatening bacterial infection of the uterus that is associated with a condition known as cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH). We typically see them under the microscope in certain quantities and conditions. This, in turn, stimulates neutrophils, phagocytes, and monocytes to the site. The neutrophils eat 'enemy' cells like a little Pac-man, and die off after a day. Toxic and Non-toxic … The laboratory test may show leukocytosis (increased white blood cells), neutrophilia with a shift to the left or neutropenia with toxic neutrophils. Neutrophilia is an increase in the number of neutrophils in the bloodstream and is caused by inflammation. The functions of the leukocytes in rabbits and guinea pigs are similar to those of other mammals. It also serves as a guide to patient assessment and treatment planning for all common hematological disorders and diseases in Neutrophils are white blood cells (WBC). Toxic changes are considered biomarkers of inflammation. Neutropenia in Dogs and Cats : Causes and Consequences. White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, defend the body against viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Neutrophils are responsible for much of the body's protection against infection. A left-shift and toxicity of neutrophils were seen in 23/24 cats (96%) and 21/24 cats (88%), respectively. TOXIN stressors are the ones I would like to stress most, as my finding after studying more than 700 cases, is that cats with FIP have no toxin resistance and yet have to fight back against the toxins released from aged neutrophils. Most of the time this number is shown as neutrophils per cubic millimeter of … Known as The Great Imitator due to many symptoms mimicking other disorders to affect cats. Banovic F, Dunston S, Linder KE, Rakich P, Olivry T. Apoptosis as a mechanism for keratinocyte death in canine toxic epidermal necrolysis. In older cats, secondary hypertension (high blood pressure) may be a result of chronic kidney disease, hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland), or even cardiac disease. with toxic neutrophils. Thrombocytopenia was rare. Because toxic change usually indicates an inflammatory leukogram, it frequently accompanies a left shift, i.e. Her results looked really good with the exception of her T4; it was 5.8, whereas is was 1.9 only 3 months earlier. Control cats had a significantly higher prevalence of feline asthma, as well as allergic, idiopathic, and vascular disorders. Cats. They are named after German pathologist, Karl Gottfried Paul Döhle (1855-1928). Figure c11-3. Neutropenia can develop alone or as a component of pancytopenia. Neutrophils are cells in your immune system that attack bacteria and other organisms when they invade your body. Toxic neutrophils can also correspond to neutrophils that possess a more basophilic cytoplasm, basophilic granulation (infrequently observed), or cytoplasmic vacuoles in addition to one of the preceding cytoplasmic changes. Neutrophils primarily target bacterial infections. Grade 1 neutropenia developed in 6 (15.8%) dogs and grade 2 and 3 neutropenia in 2 (5.3%) dogs each. Toxic granulation is the accumulation of big, dark granules in segmented neutrophils (or, sometimes, in earlier neutrophil precursors). These cells fight infections in the body. Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that occurs when lymphocytes proliferate uncontrollably. The only documented case of secondary immune-mediated neutropenia was in a cat with a thymoma, though secondary immune-mediated neutropenia in humans has been associated with drug administration, other immune-mediated disorders, and lymphoproliferative diseases (8,9). the study of toxic neutrophils in the dog. As seen here, sometimes the granules in neutrophils stain faintly acidophilic. Poisonous Plants for Dogs and Cats. The only acceptable sample for a mammalian hemogram is EDTA (lavender top tube). Snake Bite Prevention and Treatment for Dogs. Neutropenia is defined as a lower than normal number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cells). Appearance of Neutrophils . However, there is no clear evidence concerning the association between taurine defi- They respond most rapidly to the site of an infection (acute response). Lymphocytes tend to react to viruses, so a low lymphocyte count indicates that there is no viral infection. Equine Blood: Lymphocytes. Döhle bodies are light blue-gray, oval, basophilic, leukocyte inclusions located in the peripheral cytoplasm of neutrophils.They measure 1-3 µm in diameter. Neutrophils, with their number and appearance, along with other white blood cells, can give you knowledge about the health of your cats. Banovic F, et al. Cats with toxic neutrophils had significantly (P <.05) higher prevalence of fever, icterus, vomiting, diarrhea, depression, dehydration, weakness, and cachexia, as well as leukocytosis, neutrophilia, left shift, neutropenia, anemia, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia. A high neutrophil count may be due to many physiological conditions and diseases. In cats however, polychromasia is a good indicator of active regeneration, as punctate reticulocytes can continue to circulate for seven to 10 days (indicating previous, rather than current regeneration). Neutrophils: Toxic They play a primary role in inflammation, are readily attracted to foreign antigens (chemotaxis), and destroy them by phagocytosis. Many chemotherapeutic agents impair the bone marrow's ability to produce cells. 3 After this time, the drug continues to decline in concentration and could exist in small amounts for up to 65 days. This is available for certain species only, including dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, mice, rats and certain species of monkeys. Toxic granulation can be associated with infection and inflammation. Neutrophils are the primary circulating leukocyte in dogs, cats and horses. Cats can occasionally have idiopathic neutropaenia, i.e. Poisonous Plants for Dogs and Cats. Fireworks: These can result in burns; injury to the mouth, eyes, or paws; and possible heavy metal toxicity if ingestion. Leukopenia is usually synonymous with neutropenia (< 2500 neutrophils/µl in cats) because neutrophils are the most numerous leukocyte in healthy blood. Increased granulation of neutrophils may also be present in some genetic disorders, following treatment with myeloid growth factors (G-CSF or GM-CSF), in a marrow responding to myelosuppressive therapy, with … Usually, changes occur within two months of the treatment. It may occur due to the white blood cells sticking to the walls of damaged blood vessels, consumption of. headaches. Hospitalization duration and treatment cost were significantly (P < .001) higher in cats with toxic neutrophils. Associated with inflammation, infection, and drug toxicity. / Schnelle, Amy N; Barger, Anne M. In: Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice, Vol. When there aren’t enough neutrophils in the blood, the cat is at greater risk for developing a dangerous infection. 2. Structural changes in neutrophils may occur during severe inflammation and are referred to as toxic changes. In the past, the incidence of pancreatitis in cats was thought to be low, but recent studies suggest the contrary. Clinical and microscopic characteristics of canine toxic epidermal necrolysis. Normally matured segmented and late band neutrophils, shown in panels A and C, have white cytoplasm with pink granules, long and fairly narrow nuclei and tightly condensed chromatin. Ascites can be caused by a wide variety of health conditions ranging in severity, so although the fluid can be easily removed by a vet, treatment will focus on the cause of the fluid accumulation.
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